Hipercolesterolemia familiar
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic condition that causes high cholesterol.
It affects approximately 34 million people worldwide. If left untreated, FH can lead to early heart disease and heart attacks.
La hipercolesterolemia familiar es un trastorno metabólico hereditario que se da en todas las razas y etnias.
Los individuos con HF tienen niveles elevados de colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), a veces denominado colesterol "malo", debido a una mutación en uno de los varios genes responsables de la regulación y eliminación del colesterol. Con el tiempo, el exceso de colesterol se acumula en el torrente sanguíneo y puede acabar acumulándose en las paredes de las arterias (fenómeno conocido como aterosclerosis). La aterosclerosis precoz, debida a la exposición durante toda la vida a niveles elevados de colesterol, puede provocar infartos en adultos jóvenes e incluso en niños.
Familial hypercholesterolemia is largely a silent disease: it causes no symptoms. As a result, it often remains unnoticed until the emergence of complications. Once diagnosed, treatment is not systematic and sometimes suboptimal, which results in poorly controlled cholesterol levels. FH remains underdiagnosed and undertreated worldwide due to low levels of awareness, both among the general public and among healthcare professionals. Only 10% of those affected know about their condition and are adequately treated.
Personas afectadas por FH, 2021
Hover over the countries to see the estimate number of people with FH
Source: Data from the World Heart Federation & FH Europe country mapping survey, as reported by national respondents and organizations
-
Albania
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 1%
-
Argentina
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Australia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 80%
-
Austria
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 15%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 85%
-
Bahréin
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 31-45%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 40-55%
-
Bélgica
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 21%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 21%
-
Benín
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 2%
-
Bosnia y Herzegovina
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 4%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 2%
-
Brasil
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 263 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 25%
-
Bulgaria
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 30%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Camboya
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 25%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 40%
-
Canadá
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 75%
-
Chile
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 90%
-
China
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Colombia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 160 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 5%
-
Costa de Marfil
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 0%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 0%
-
Croacia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 3%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 3%
-
Chipre
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 85%
-
República Checa
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 16%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 98%
-
Egipto
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 20%
-
Estonia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 36%
-
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10-12%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 80-85%
-
Alemania
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5-10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 27-80%
-
Grecia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 35%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 80%
-
Hungría
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 15%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 74%
-
Irán
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- < 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50-80%
-
Iraq
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 30%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 85%
-
Irlanda
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 20%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 20%
-
Italia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 95%
-
Japón
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 42%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 23%
-
Kazajstán
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 5%
-
Kosovo
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 70%
-
Kuwait
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 7%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 3%
-
Kirguistán
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 500 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 26%
-
Letonia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 4-5.5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 4-60%
-
Lituania
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 15%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Luxemburgo
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 6%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Macedonia del Norte
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 1%
-
Malasia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 244 to 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 52%
-
Malta
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 100%
-
México
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1-5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Montenegro
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 25%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 5%
-
Países Bajos
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 55%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 45-92%
-
Nueva Zelanda
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 2%
-
Nigeria
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1-5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 1-50%
-
Omán
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 100%
-
Pakistán
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 500 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- N/A
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- N/A
-
Filipinas
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 500 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- N/A
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 80%
-
Polonia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 90%
-
Portugal
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 500 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 10%
-
República Dominicana
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 20%
-
Rumanía
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Federación de Rusia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Arabia Saudí
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 112 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 3%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 62%
-
Sierra Leona
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 1%
-
Eslovaquia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 6%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 87%
-
Eslovenia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 20%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- N/A
-
Sudáfrica
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 500 people (with higher prevalence in subpopulations with founder effects)
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 96%
-
España
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 25%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 82%
-
Suecia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 21%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 39%
-
Suiza
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 125 to 135 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 3%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 60%
-
Tanzania
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 0%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 0%
-
Tailandia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 90%
-
The Gambia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- N/A
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 20%
-
Túnez
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 50%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 20%
-
Turquía
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 12%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 28%
-
Uganda
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 3%
-
Ucrania
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 99%
-
Emiratos Árabes Unidos
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 40%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 40%
-
Falkland Islands / Malvinas
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 100%
-
Estados Unidos
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 15%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 65%
-
Uruguay
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2-10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 9-10%
-
Venezuela
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 30%
-
Vietnam
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 10%
-
Yemen
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 11%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 6%
-
Zambia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 30%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 30%
-
Zimbabue
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
¿Qué es el colesterol?
El colesterol es una sustancia cerosa, parecida a la grasa, que puede encontrarse en la sangre. El hígado fabrica colesterol o reutiliza el colesterol obtenido de otras fuentes: colesterol y grasas saturadas de la dieta, colesterol transportado en la sangre o por reabsorción de la bilis del tracto gastrointestinal.
El colesterol es crucial para el buen funcionamiento del organismo, que lo necesita para construir células sanas y maeke vitamina D y otras hormonas. Pero un exceso de colesterol puede provocar problemas graves, como cardiopatías y accidentes cerebrovasculares.
High blood cholesterol is one of the major risk factors for heart disease, heart attack and stroke.
El papel del colesterol en la HF
El colesterol se transporta por la sangre unido a proteínas. Esta combinación de proteínas y colesterol se denomina lipoproteína. Existen distintos tipos de colesterol, en función de lo que transporte la lipoproteína, como la lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL) y la lipoproteína de alta densidad (HDL), entre otras.
LDL-cholesterol is sometimes called “bad” cholesterol because it can build up inside our arteries, causing them to harden and narrow (a process called atherosclerosis) and limiting blood flow. This can ultimately lead to a heart attack or stroke.
HDL-cholesterol is often referred to as “good” cholesterol, because it carries unnecessary cholesterol away from our arteries and back to our liver, where it’s broken down and eliminated from the body. A healthy level of HDL cholesterol can protect against heart attack and stroke.
Los individuos con HF son incapaces de regular y eliminar adecuadamente el exceso de colesterol "malo" del torrente sanguíneo. Con el tiempo, el colesterol se acumula, se acumula en las paredes de las arterias y provoca enfermedades cardiovasculares prematuras.
¿Cómo se hereda la HF?
La HF es hereditaria. Normalmente, los padres con una mutación patogénica tienen un 50% de probabilidades de transmitir la enfermedad a cada hijo. Por lo tanto, es esencial examinar a los familiares de primer y segundo grado (es decir, padres, hermanos, hijos, tíos, sobrinos y abuelos) de una persona diagnosticada de HF, para detectar a otros miembros de la familia que puedan haber heredado el trastorno.
Los individuos que heredan una mutación desarrollan hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigota (HFHe), la forma más común de HF. En cambio, los individuos que heredan dos mutaciones anómalas desarrollan hipercolesterolemia familiar homocigótica (HFHo), una forma de HF especialmente rara y potencialmente mortal, caracterizada por niveles extremos de colesterol en sangre.
Diagnóstico
La HF está muy infradiagnosticada. En la actualidad, sólo el 10% de los individuos nacidos con HF han sido diagnosticados en todo el mundo. Esto es consecuencia directa de los bajos niveles de concienciación y educación entre el público y la comunidad médica. Además, muchas personas con HF no desarrollan ningún síntoma visible y, por tanto, no buscan atención médica.
El diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento de por vida de la HF reducen el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares prematuras e infartos de miocardio.
La HF puede diagnosticarse con un simple análisis de sangre y una serie de criterios diagnósticos. Algunos pacientes no tratados también pueden desarrollar una afección cutánea característica denominada xantoma, causada por una acumulación de grasa bajo la superficie de la piel. En algunos casos, el diagnóstico de HF también puede confirmarse mediante una prueba genética.
Tratamiento
Los hombres y mujeres con HF heterocigota que no reciben tratamiento suelen sufrir un accidente cardiovascular entre los 30 y los 50 años y entre los 40 y los 60 años, respectivamente. Por el contrario, los individuos con HF homocigota sufrirán un evento cardiovascular en la infancia o la adolescencia y morirán antes de los 30 años, si no reciben tratamiento.
Los hombres y mujeres con HF heterocigota que no reciben tratamiento suelen sufrir un accidente cardiovascular entre los 30 y los 50 años y entre los 40 y los 60 años, respectivamente. Por el contrario, los individuos con HF homocigota sufrirán un evento cardiovascular en la infancia o la adolescencia y morirán antes de los 30 años, si no reciben tratamiento.
Las personas con HF pueden llevar una vida más larga y sana si el tratamiento se inicia a una edad temprana. En el caso de la HF, las intervenciones sobre el estilo de vida y la dieta no son suficientes. Los pacientes siempre necesitarán tratamientos para reducir el colesterol. El tratamiento farmacológico de la HF se centra en reducir los niveles extremadamente altos de colesterol LDL. Así se reduce el riesgo de infarto de miocardio y de muerte. Muchas personas con HF necesitarán tomar más de un medicamento para controlar sus niveles de colesterol LDL. Los medicamentos estándar para reducir el colesterol actúan bloqueando la capacidad del hígado para producir colesterol, bloqueando la absorción de colesterol del intestino o aumentando la captación de colesterol de la sangre.
En los últimos años se han descubierto y comercializado varios fármacos nuevos (con distintos mecanismos de acción). La mayoría de los nuevos medicamentos e intervenciones médicas suelen ser caros y/o consumir muchos recursos. Por lo tanto, debe garantizarse a todos los pacientes la accesibilidad, disponibilidad y asequibilidad de medicamentos y cuidados de alta calidad.
Llamamiento mundial a la acción sobre la HF
In 1998, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially recognized familial hypercholesterolemia as a global public health issue and published a set of 11 recommendations to address its burden. In the past two decades, tremendous scientific progress has been achieved in the fields of genetics, lipidology, cardiology, and drug development. In spite of these breakthroughs, implementation of the WHO recommendations has been largely insufficient in many countries and regions.
In January 2020, representatives from the global FH community published a Global Call to Action and highlighted a new set of recommendations, in 9 areas of priority, to reduce the clinical and public health burden of familial hypercholesterolemia:
- Sensibilizar sobre la HF
- Defensor de la HF
- Detección, análisis y diagnóstico de personas con HF
- Gestión y tratamiento de pacientes con HF
- Garantizar la atención a los pacientes con HF grave y homocigótica
- Desarrollar planes de atención basados en la familia para las personas con HF
- Establecer registros de HF
- Investigación y ejecución de programas de salud reproductiva
- Comprender el valor y los costes de las intervenciones de HF