Hypercholestérolémie familiale
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic condition that causes high cholesterol.
It affects approximately 34 million people worldwide. If left untreated, FH can lead to early heart disease and heart attacks.
L'hypercholestérolémie familiale est une maladie métabolique héréditaire que l'on retrouve dans toutes les races et ethnies.
Les personnes atteintes de FH présentent des taux élevés de cholestérol à lipoprotéines de basse densité (LDL), parfois appelé "mauvais" cholestérol, en raison d'une mutation dans l'un des nombreux gènes responsables de la régulation et de l'élimination du cholestérol. Avec le temps, l'excès de cholestérol s'accumule dans la circulation sanguine et peut finir par s'accumuler dans les parois des artères (un phénomène connu sous le nom d'athérosclérose). Une athérosclérose précoce, due à une exposition à des taux élevés de cholestérol tout au long de la vie, peut entraîner des crises cardiaques chez les jeunes adultes et même chez les enfants.
Familial hypercholesterolemia is largely a silent disease: it causes no symptoms. As a result, it often remains unnoticed until the emergence of complications. Once diagnosed, treatment is not systematic and sometimes suboptimal, which results in poorly controlled cholesterol levels. FH remains underdiagnosed and undertreated worldwide due to low levels of awareness, both among the general public and among healthcare professionals. Only 10% of those affected know about their condition and are adequately treated.
Personnes touchées par la SF, 2021
Hover over the countries to see the estimate number of people with FH
Source: Data from the World Heart Federation & FH Europe country mapping survey, as reported by national respondents and organizations
-
Albanie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 1%
-
Argentine
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Australie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 80%
-
Autriche
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 15%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 85%
-
Bahreïn
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 31-45%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 40-55%
-
Belgique
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 21%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 21%
-
Bénin
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 2%
-
Bosnie et Herzégovine
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 4%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 2%
-
Brésil
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 263 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 25%
-
Bulgarie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 30%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Cambodge
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 25%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 40%
-
Canada
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 75%
-
Chili
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 90%
-
Chine
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Colombie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 160 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 5%
-
Côte d'Ivoire
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 0%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 0%
-
Croatie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 3%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 3%
-
Chypre
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 85%
-
République tchèque
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 16%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 98%
-
Égypte
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 20%
-
Estonie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 36%
-
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10-12%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 80-85%
-
Allemagne
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5-10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 27-80%
-
Grèce
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 35%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 80%
-
Hongrie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 15%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 74%
-
L'Iran
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- < 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50-80%
-
L'Irak
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 30%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 85%
-
Irlande
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 20%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 20%
-
Italie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 95%
-
Japon
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 42%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 23%
-
Kazakhstan
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 5%
-
Kosovo
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 70%
-
Koweït
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 7%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 3%
-
Kirghizistan
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 500 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 26%
-
Lettonie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 4-5.5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 4-60%
-
Lituanie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 15%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Luxembourg
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 6%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Macédoine du Nord
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 1%
-
Malaisie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 244 to 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 52%
-
Malte
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 100%
-
Mexique
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1-5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Monténégro
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 25%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 5%
-
Pays-Bas
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 55%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 45-92%
-
Nouvelle-Zélande
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 2%
-
Nigéria
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1-5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 1-50%
-
Oman
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 100%
-
Pakistan
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 500 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- N/A
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- N/A
-
Philippines
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 500 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- N/A
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 80%
-
Pologne
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 90%
-
Portugal
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 500 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 10%
-
République dominicaine
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 20%
-
Roumanie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Fédération de Russie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
-
Arabie Saoudite
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 112 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 3%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 62%
-
Sierra Leone
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 1%
-
Slovaquie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 6%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 87%
-
Slovénie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 20%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- N/A
-
Afrique du Sud
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 500 people (with higher prevalence in subpopulations with founder effects)
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 96%
-
Espagne
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 25%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 82%
-
Suède
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 21%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 39%
-
Suisse
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 125 to 135 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 3%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 60%
-
Tanzanie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 0%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 0%
-
Thaïlande
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 90%
-
The Gambia
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- N/A
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 20%
-
Tunisie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 50%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 20%
-
Turquie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 12%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 28%
-
Ouganda
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 3%
-
Ukraine
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in less than 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 99%
-
Émirats arabes unis
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 40%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 40%
-
Falkland Islands / Malvinas
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 100%
-
États-Unis
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 15%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 65%
-
Uruguay
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 2-10%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 9-10%
-
Venezuela
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 30%
-
Vietnam
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 1%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 10%
-
Yémen
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- 1 in 250 and 300 people
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 11%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 6%
-
Zambie
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 30%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 30%
-
Zimbabwe
- Estimated Prevalence of FH
- N/A
- Estimated total of people wth FH
- 5%
- Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
- 50%
Qu'est-ce que le cholestérol ?
Le cholestérol est une substance cireuse, semblable à une graisse, que l'on trouve dans le sang. Le foie fabrique le cholestérol ou réutilise le cholestérol obtenu à partir d'autres sources : cholestérol alimentaire et graisses saturées, cholestérol transporté par le sang ou réabsorption de la bile provenant du tractus gastro-intestinal.
Le cholestérol est essentiel au bon fonctionnement de l'organisme, qui en a besoin pour construire des cellules saines et fabriquer de la vitamine D et d'autres hormones. Mais un excès de cholestérol peut entraîner de graves problèmes, notamment des maladies cardiaques et des accidents vasculaires cérébraux.
High blood cholesterol is one of the major risk factors for heart disease, heart attack and stroke.
Le rôle du cholestérol dans la FH
Le cholestérol est transporté dans le sang, attaché à des protéines. Cette combinaison de protéines et de cholestérol est appelée lipoprotéine. Il existe différents types de cholestérol, en fonction de ce que la lipoprotéine transporte, notamment les lipoprotéines de faible densité (LDL) et les lipoprotéines de haute densité (HDL).
LDL-cholesterol is sometimes called “bad” cholesterol because it can build up inside our arteries, causing them to harden and narrow (a process called atherosclerosis) and limiting blood flow. This can ultimately lead to a heart attack or stroke.
HDL-cholesterol is often referred to as “good” cholesterol, because it carries unnecessary cholesterol away from our arteries and back to our liver, where it’s broken down and eliminated from the body. A healthy level of HDL cholesterol can protect against heart attack and stroke.
Les personnes atteintes de FH sont incapables de réguler et d'éliminer correctement l'excès de "mauvais" cholestérol de la circulation sanguine. Au fil du temps, le cholestérol s'accumule, se dépose sur les parois des artères et provoque des maladies cardiovasculaires prématurées.
Comment la FH est-elle héritée ?
La FH est héréditaire. En règle générale, les parents porteurs d'une mutation pathogène ont 50 % de chances de transmettre la maladie à chacun de leurs enfants. Il est donc essentiel d'examiner les parents au premier et au second degré (c'est-à-dire les parents, les frères et sœurs, les enfants, les oncles et tantes, les neveux et nièces et les grands-parents) d'un individu chez qui on a diagnostiqué une FH, afin de détecter d'autres membres de la famille qui pourraient avoir hérité de la maladie.
Les personnes ayant hérité d'une seule mutation développent une hypercholestérolémie familiale hétérozygote (HeFH), la forme la plus courante de FH. En revanche, les personnes qui ont hérité de deux mutations anormales développent une hypercholestérolémie familiale homozygote (HoFH), une forme de FH particulièrement rare et potentiellement mortelle, caractérisée par des niveaux extrêmes de cholestérol dans le sang.
Diagnostic
La FH est gravement sous-diagnostiquée. Aujourd'hui, seuls 10 % des individus nés avec une FH ont été diagnostiqués dans le monde. Cette situation est la conséquence directe du faible niveau de sensibilisation et d'éducation du public et de la communauté médicale. En outre, de nombreuses personnes atteintes de FH ne développent aucun symptôme visible et ne cherchent donc pas à se faire soigner.
Le diagnostic précoce et le traitement à vie de la FH réduisent le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires prématurées et d'infarctus du myocarde.
La FH peut être diagnostiquée à l'aide d'un simple test sanguin et d'une série de critères de diagnostic. Certains patients non traités peuvent également développer une affection cutanée caractéristique appelée xanthome, qui est causée par une accumulation de graisse sous la surface de la peau. Dans certains cas, le diagnostic de FH peut également être confirmé par un test génétique.
Traitement
En l'absence de traitement, les hommes et les femmes atteints de FH hétérozygote présenteront généralement un événement cardiovasculaire avant l'âge de 30 à 50 ans et de 40 à 60 ans, respectivement. En revanche, les personnes atteintes de FH homozygote présenteront un événement cardiovasculaire pendant l'enfance ou l'adolescence et mourront avant l'âge de 30 ans si elles ne sont pas traitées.
En l'absence de traitement, les hommes et les femmes atteints de FH hétérozygote présenteront généralement un événement cardiovasculaire avant l'âge de 30 à 50 ans et de 40 à 60 ans, respectivement. En revanche, les personnes atteintes de FH homozygote présenteront un événement cardiovasculaire pendant l'enfance ou l'adolescence et mourront avant l'âge de 30 ans si elles ne sont pas traitées.
Les personnes atteintes de FH peuvent vivre plus longtemps et en meilleure santé si le traitement commence tôt dans la vie. Dans le cas de la FH, les interventions liées au mode de vie et au régime alimentaire ne suffisent pas. Les patients auront toujours besoin d'un traitement hypocholestérolémiant. Le traitement médicamenteux de la FH se concentre sur la réduction des niveaux extrêmement élevés de cholestérol LDL. Cela permet de réduire le risque de crise cardiaque et de décès. De nombreuses personnes atteintes de FH devront prendre plus d'un médicament pour contrôler leur taux de cholestérol LDL. Les médicaments hypocholestérolémiants classiques agissent en bloquant la capacité du foie à produire du cholestérol, en bloquant l'absorption du cholestérol par l'intestin ou en augmentant l'absorption du cholestérol par le sang.
Ces dernières années, un certain nombre de nouveaux médicaments (avec différents mécanismes d'action) ont été découverts et commercialisés. La plupart des nouveaux médicaments et des interventions médicales sont généralement coûteux et/ou nécessitent des ressources importantes. Par conséquent, l'accessibilité, la disponibilité et le caractère abordable de médicaments et de soins de haute qualité doivent être garantis pour tous les patients.
Appel mondial à l'action sur la SF
In 1998, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially recognized familial hypercholesterolemia as a global public health issue and published a set of 11 recommendations to address its burden. In the past two decades, tremendous scientific progress has been achieved in the fields of genetics, lipidology, cardiology, and drug development. In spite of these breakthroughs, implementation of the WHO recommendations has been largely insufficient in many countries and regions.
In January 2020, representatives from the global FH community published a Global Call to Action and highlighted a new set of recommendations, in 9 areas of priority, to reduce the clinical and public health burden of familial hypercholesterolemia:
- Sensibilisation à la maladie de von Willebrand
- Défenseur de la santé publique
- Dépister, tester et diagnostiquer les personnes atteintes de FH
- Prendre en charge et traiter les patients atteints de la maladie de von Willebrand
- Garantir les soins aux patients atteints de FH sévère et homozygote
- Élaborer des plans de soins familiaux pour les personnes vivant avec la maladie de Huntington
- Établir des registres de la maladie de von Willebrand
- Mener des recherches et mettre en œuvre des programmes de santé publique
- Comprendre la valeur et les coûts des interventions de SF