Hypercholestérolémie familiale

Hypercholestérolémie familiale

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic condition that causes high cholesterol.

It affects approximately 34 million people worldwide. If left untreated, FH can lead to early heart disease and heart attacks.

L'hypercholestérolémie familiale est une maladie métabolique héréditaire que l'on retrouve dans toutes les races et ethnies.

Les personnes atteintes de FH présentent des taux élevés de cholestérol à lipoprotéines de basse densité (LDL), parfois appelé "mauvais" cholestérol, en raison d'une mutation dans l'un des nombreux gènes responsables de la régulation et de l'élimination du cholestérol. Avec le temps, l'excès de cholestérol s'accumule dans la circulation sanguine et peut finir par s'accumuler dans les parois des artères (un phénomène connu sous le nom d'athérosclérose). Une athérosclérose précoce, due à une exposition à des taux élevés de cholestérol tout au long de la vie, peut entraîner des crises cardiaques chez les jeunes adultes et même chez les enfants.

Familial hypercholesterolemia is largely a silent disease: it causes no symptoms. As a result, it often remains unnoticed until the emergence of complications. Once diagnosed, treatment is not systematic and sometimes suboptimal, which results in poorly controlled cholesterol levels. FH remains underdiagnosed and undertreated worldwide due to low levels of awareness, both among the general public and among healthcare professionals. Only 10% of those affected know about their condition and are adequately treated.

Personnes touchées par la SF, 2021

Hover over the countries to see the estimate number of people with FH
Source: Data from the World Heart Federation & FH Europe country mapping survey, as reported by national respondents and organizations

  • Albanie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    1%
  • Argentine
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    5%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    50%
  • Australie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    5%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    80%
  • Autriche
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    15%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    85%
  • Bahreïn
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    31-45%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    40-55%
  • Belgique
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    21%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    21%
  • Bénin
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    2%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    2%
  • Bosnie et Herzégovine
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    4%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    2%
  • Brésil
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 263 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    25%
  • Bulgarie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    30%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    50%
  • Cambodge
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    25%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    40%
  • Canada
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    10%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    75%
  • Chili
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    90%
  • Chine
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    50%
  • Colombie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 160 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    10%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    5%
  • Côte d'Ivoire
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    0%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    0%
  • Croatie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    3%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    3%
  • Chypre
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    10%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    85%
  • République tchèque
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    16%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    98%
  • Égypte
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    10%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    20%
  • Estonie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    2%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    36%
  • French Southern and Antarctic Lands
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    10-12%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    80-85%
  • Allemagne
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    5-10%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    27-80%
  • Grèce
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    35%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    80%
  • Hongrie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    15%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    74%
  • L'Iran
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    < 10%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    50-80%
  • L'Irak
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    30%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    85%
  • Irlande
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    20%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    20%
  • Italie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    5%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    95%
  • Japon
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    42%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    23%
  • Kazakhstan
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    5%
  • Kosovo
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    10%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    70%
  • Koweït
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    7%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    3%
  • Kirghizistan
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 500 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    2%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    26%
  • Lettonie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    4-5.5%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    4-60%
  • Lituanie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    15%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    50%
  • Luxembourg
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    6%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    50%
  • Macédoine du Nord
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    1%
  • Malaisie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 244 to 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    2%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    52%
  • Malte
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    5%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    100%
  • Mexique
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1-5%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    50%
  • Monténégro
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    25%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    5%
  • Pays-Bas
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    55%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    45-92%
  • Nouvelle-Zélande
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    2%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    2%
  • Nigéria
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1-5%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    1-50%
  • Oman
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    2%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    100%
  • Pakistan
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 500 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    N/A
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    N/A
  • Philippines
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 500 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    N/A
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    80%
  • Pologne
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    2%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    90%
  • Portugal
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 500 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    10%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    10%
  • République dominicaine
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    5%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    20%
  • Roumanie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    5%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    50%
  • Fédération de Russie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    50%
  • Arabie Saoudite
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 112 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    3%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    62%
  • Sierra Leone
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    1%
  • Slovaquie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    6%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    87%
  • Slovénie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    20%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    N/A
  • Afrique du Sud
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 500 people (with higher prevalence in subpopulations with founder effects)
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    5%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    96%
  • Espagne
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    25%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    82%
  • Suède
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    21%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    39%
  • Suisse
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 125 to 135 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    3%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    60%
  • Tanzanie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    0%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    0%
  • Thaïlande
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    90%
  • The Gambia
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    N/A
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    20%
  • Tunisie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    50%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    20%
  • Turquie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    12%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    28%
  • Ouganda
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    5%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    3%
  • Ukraine
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in less than 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    99%
  • Émirats arabes unis
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    40%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    40%
  • Falkland Islands / Malvinas
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    5%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    100%
  • États-Unis
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    15%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    65%
  • Uruguay
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    2-10%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    9-10%
  • Venezuela
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    30%
  • Vietnam
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    1%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    10%
  • Yémen
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    1 in 250 and 300 people
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    11%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    6%
  • Zambie
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    30%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    30%
  • Zimbabwe
    Estimated Prevalence of FH
    N/A
    Estimated total of people wth FH
    5%
    Percentage diagnosed people who receive treatment
    50%
1 sur 200-250
personnes sont atteintes de FH dans le monde
50%
Children of people with FH have an at least 50% chance of inheriting it
10%
des personnes nées avec la FH savent qu'elles en sont atteintes
Qu'est-ce que le cholestérol ?

Le cholestérol est une substance cireuse, semblable à une graisse, que l'on trouve dans le sang. Le foie fabrique le cholestérol ou réutilise le cholestérol obtenu à partir d'autres sources : cholestérol alimentaire et graisses saturées, cholestérol transporté par le sang ou réabsorption de la bile provenant du tractus gastro-intestinal.

Le cholestérol est essentiel au bon fonctionnement de l'organisme, qui en a besoin pour construire des cellules saines et fabriquer de la vitamine D et d'autres hormones. Mais un excès de cholestérol peut entraîner de graves problèmes, notamment des maladies cardiaques et des accidents vasculaires cérébraux.

High blood cholesterol is one of the major risk factors for heart disease, heart attack and stroke.

Le rôle du cholestérol dans la FH

Le cholestérol est transporté dans le sang, attaché à des protéines. Cette combinaison de protéines et de cholestérol est appelée lipoprotéine. Il existe différents types de cholestérol, en fonction de ce que la lipoprotéine transporte, notamment les lipoprotéines de faible densité (LDL) et les lipoprotéines de haute densité (HDL).

LDL-cholesterol is sometimes called “bad” cholesterol because it can build up inside our arteries, causing them to harden and narrow (a process called atherosclerosis) and limiting blood flow. This can ultimately lead to a heart attack or stroke.

HDL-cholesterol is often referred to as “good” cholesterol, because it carries unnecessary cholesterol away from our arteries and back to our liver, where it’s broken down and eliminated from the body. A healthy level of HDL cholesterol can protect against heart attack and stroke.

Les personnes atteintes de FH sont incapables de réguler et d'éliminer correctement l'excès de "mauvais" cholestérol de la circulation sanguine. Au fil du temps, le cholestérol s'accumule, se dépose sur les parois des artères et provoque des maladies cardiovasculaires prématurées.

Comment la FH est-elle héritée ?

La FH est héréditaire. En règle générale, les parents porteurs d'une mutation pathogène ont 50 % de chances de transmettre la maladie à chacun de leurs enfants. Il est donc essentiel d'examiner les parents au premier et au second degré (c'est-à-dire les parents, les frères et sœurs, les enfants, les oncles et tantes, les neveux et nièces et les grands-parents) d'un individu chez qui on a diagnostiqué une FH, afin de détecter d'autres membres de la famille qui pourraient avoir hérité de la maladie.

Les personnes ayant hérité d'une seule mutation développent une hypercholestérolémie familiale hétérozygote (HeFH), la forme la plus courante de FH. En revanche, les personnes qui ont hérité de deux mutations anormales développent une hypercholestérolémie familiale homozygote (HoFH), une forme de FH particulièrement rare et potentiellement mortelle, caractérisée par des niveaux extrêmes de cholestérol dans le sang.

Diagnostic

La FH est gravement sous-diagnostiquée. Aujourd'hui, seuls 10 % des individus nés avec une FH ont été diagnostiqués dans le monde. Cette situation est la conséquence directe du faible niveau de sensibilisation et d'éducation du public et de la communauté médicale. En outre, de nombreuses personnes atteintes de FH ne développent aucun symptôme visible et ne cherchent donc pas à se faire soigner.

Le diagnostic précoce et le traitement à vie de la FH réduisent le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires prématurées et d'infarctus du myocarde.

La FH peut être diagnostiquée à l'aide d'un simple test sanguin et d'une série de critères de diagnostic. Certains patients non traités peuvent également développer une affection cutanée caractéristique appelée xanthome, qui est causée par une accumulation de graisse sous la surface de la peau. Dans certains cas, le diagnostic de FH peut également être confirmé par un test génétique.

Traitement

En l'absence de traitement, les hommes et les femmes atteints de FH hétérozygote présenteront généralement un événement cardiovasculaire avant l'âge de 30 à 50 ans et de 40 à 60 ans, respectivement. En revanche, les personnes atteintes de FH homozygote présenteront un événement cardiovasculaire pendant l'enfance ou l'adolescence et mourront avant l'âge de 30 ans si elles ne sont pas traitées.

En l'absence de traitement, les hommes et les femmes atteints de FH hétérozygote présenteront généralement un événement cardiovasculaire avant l'âge de 30 à 50 ans et de 40 à 60 ans, respectivement. En revanche, les personnes atteintes de FH homozygote présenteront un événement cardiovasculaire pendant l'enfance ou l'adolescence et mourront avant l'âge de 30 ans si elles ne sont pas traitées.

Les personnes atteintes de FH peuvent vivre plus longtemps et en meilleure santé si le traitement commence tôt dans la vie. Dans le cas de la FH, les interventions liées au mode de vie et au régime alimentaire ne suffisent pas. Les patients auront toujours besoin d'un traitement hypocholestérolémiant. Le traitement médicamenteux de la FH se concentre sur la réduction des niveaux extrêmement élevés de cholestérol LDL. Cela permet de réduire le risque de crise cardiaque et de décès. De nombreuses personnes atteintes de FH devront prendre plus d'un médicament pour contrôler leur taux de cholestérol LDL. Les médicaments hypocholestérolémiants classiques agissent en bloquant la capacité du foie à produire du cholestérol, en bloquant l'absorption du cholestérol par l'intestin ou en augmentant l'absorption du cholestérol par le sang.

Ces dernières années, un certain nombre de nouveaux médicaments (avec différents mécanismes d'action) ont été découverts et commercialisés. La plupart des nouveaux médicaments et des interventions médicales sont généralement coûteux et/ou nécessitent des ressources importantes. Par conséquent, l'accessibilité, la disponibilité et le caractère abordable de médicaments et de soins de haute qualité doivent être garantis pour tous les patients.

Appel mondial à l'action sur la SF

In 1998, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially recognized familial hypercholesterolemia as a global public health issue and published a set of 11 recommendations to address its burden. In the past two decades, tremendous scientific progress has been achieved in the fields of genetics, lipidology, cardiology, and drug development. In spite of these breakthroughs, implementation of the WHO recommendations has been largely insufficient in many countries and regions.

In January 2020, representatives from the global FH community published a Global Call to Action and highlighted a new set of recommendations, in 9 areas of priority, to reduce the clinical and public health burden of familial hypercholesterolemia:

  1. Sensibilisation à la maladie de von Willebrand
  2. Défenseur de la santé publique
  3. Dépister, tester et diagnostiquer les personnes atteintes de FH
  4. Prendre en charge et traiter les patients atteints de la maladie de von Willebrand
  5. Garantir les soins aux patients atteints de FH sévère et homozygote
  6. Élaborer des plans de soins familiaux pour les personnes vivant avec la maladie de Huntington
  7. Établir des registres de la maladie de von Willebrand
  8. Mener des recherches et mettre en œuvre des programmes de santé publique
  9. Comprendre la valeur et les coûts des interventions de SF

Latest Cholesterol News

Boîte à outils de la Fédération mondiale du cœur pour la promotion du cholestérol
· WHF Communications department

Plaidoyer pour le contrôle du cholestérol : Une boîte à outils de la Fédération mondiale du cœur

Cardiovascular disease is responsible for an estimated 18.6 million deaths every year and remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Raised cholesterol is widely recognized as a major risk factor...
A patient having their bloods taken from a medical professional
· WHF Communications department

Risques et remèdes contre le cholestérol : Une feuille de route pour améliorer la santé cardiovasculaire

Increasingly, evidence is equipping us with ways to manage our blood cholesterol levels that can mitigate or prevent dangerous cardiovascular conditions. The updated World Heart Federation Roadmap for Cholesterol delves...
· WHF Communications department

Prendre position sur le cholestérol pour lutter contre les maladies cardiaques

Cholesterol –  that waxy substance that is a type of blood fat or lipid – is mostly made by our own bodies and the rest, we get from food. Our...
· WHF External Agency department

L'appel mondial à l'action sur l'hypercholestérolémie familiale vise à améliorer le diagnostic et le traitement dans le monde entier

PASADENA, Calif., GENEVA, Switzerland,  January 2, 2020 —  The FH Foundation and the World Heart Federation announced today a Global Call to Action on familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a vastly under-recognized...
· WHF External Agency department

La feuille de route du FPM sur le cholestérol présentée au sommet latino-américain sur le cholestérol au Mexique

On the 19-20 September, the Latin American Cholesterol Summit (Cumbre Latinoamericana del Colesterol) took place in Mexico City.  As part of this event, World Heart Federation (WHF) member iHHub organized...
· WHF External Agency department

L'OMS lance un plan visant à éliminer les acides gras trans d'origine industrielle de l'approvisionnement alimentaire mondial

The World Heart Federation welcomes to the launch of the World Health Organization’s REPLACE Action Package, a step-by-step guide for the elimination of industrially-produced trans-fatty acids from the global food supply. Eliminating...
A man speaking about the cholesterol roadmap and roundable in the phillipines
· WHF External Agency department

La Fédération mondiale du cœur et la Philippine Heart Association organisent une table ronde sur le cholestérol aux Philippines

On 3-4 March, the World Heart Federation and the Philippine Heart Association convened a multi-stakeholder group of experts and speakers in cardiology, neurology and family medicine to identify roadblocks to...
· WHF External Agency department

World Heart Federation attends a press conference on the alarming situation of cholesterol in Spain with our members

Left to right: Dr Leopoldo Perez de la Isla, Dr Carlos Macaya, Prof David Wood, Dr Pedro Mata   On 18 January 2018, the World Heart Federation (WHF), together with...
· WHF External Agency department

Une rétrospective de l'année 2017 et un regard sur l'année 2018

As we look forward to a busy and exciting 2018, we would like to share with you some of our highlights and achievements from 2017 in our fight against cardiovascular...